朱永涛英美文化基础教程课后答案考研重点笔记

第1部分　英国文化

第1章　谁是英国人

1.1　复习笔记

I. Who Are the British?

1．The Scots

2．The Irish

3．The English

I. Who Are the British? (谁是英国人？) 

1．The Scots (苏格兰人) 

(1) Origin: Celts.

(2) Scots are proud that the English never conquered them.

(3) Language

①Gaelic, old Celtic language of the Scots: it is still heard in the Highlands and the Western Isles and their names beginning with M’, Mac, Mc, which means “son of” in Gaelic;

②English;

Character: a. said to be serious, cautious, thrifty; b. in fact they are hospitable, generous, friendly.

(1) 起源：凯尔特人。

(2) 苏格兰人自豪的是，英国从来没有征服过他们。

(3) 语言

①盖尔语，苏格兰的古老的凯尔特语言：在高地和西部群岛地区扔能听到人们讲这些语言，这些地区的人们的名字以M，MAC，MC开头，盖尔语的意思是“儿子”。

②英语；

特点：a．据说他们严肃认真、谨慎、节俭；b．事实上他们很热情、慷慨、友善。

2．The Irish (爱尔兰人) 

(1) Origin: Scots and English Protestants.

(2) Problem: there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities.

(3) Language

①Irish or Erse, a form of Gaelic: official first language of the Republic of Ireland;

②English: second.

(4) Character: charm, vivacity, beauty girls.

(1) 起源：苏格兰和英国新教徒。

(2) 问题：占主导地位的新教徒与正在寻求更多的社会，政治和经济机会的罗马天主教之间有着激烈的战斗。

(3) 语言

①爱尔兰语，一种盖尔特语：爱尔兰共和国的官方语言；

②英文：居第二重要性。

(4) 特性：女孩有魅力、活泼、美丽。

3．The English (英格兰人) 

(1) Origin: Anglo-Saxons.

(2) Cockney: A Cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells–the bells of the church of St Mary-Le-Bow Bells in east London.

(3) It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the English people and the English language were born.

(1) 起源：盎格鲁-撒克逊人。

(2) 伦敦佬：伦敦佬是一个出生就带有教堂的钟的声音的人─东伦敦的圣玛丽勒布教堂的钟声。

(3) 英国人和英语来源于诺尔曼征服者联盟和被打败的盎格鲁撒克逊人。

1.2　课后习题详解

I. Explain each of the following in English

1．The Scottish Highlanders

【答案】The Scottish Highlander consider himself the ’true’ Scot and he wears his national dress, the kilt, with pride. They are a proud, independent and hardy people who mainly live by farming sheep in the mountain areas.查看答案

2．The British Isles

【答案】The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include the islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. There are two sovereign states located on the islands: the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.查看答案

3．The National Eisteddfod

【答案】The National Eisteddfod takes place each August and lasts for about a week. The highlight of the Eisteddfod is a competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh; the winner is crowned Bard, considered the supreme honor in Wales.查看答案

4．Bard

【答案】In medieval Gaelic and British culture, a bard was a professional poet, employed by a patron, such as a monarch or nobleman, to commemorate the patron’s ancestors and to praise the patron’s own activities.查看答案

5．Northern Ireland (Ulster)

【答案】In 1922, Ireland was partitioned. The 26 countries of southern Ireland became the Irish Free State, later re-named the Republic of Eire. The six countries of Ulster, in the north, remained part of the United Kingdom with their own parliament, Stormont, responsible for internal affairs.查看答案

6．Oliver Cromwell

【答案】He was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.查看答案

7．William III

【答案】William III was a sovereign Prince of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Over Ijssel of the Dutch Republic. From 1689 he reigned as William III over England and Ireland; it is a coincidence that his regna number (III) was the same for both Orange and England. As King of Scotland, he is known as William II. He is informally known by sections of the population in Northern Ireland and Scotland as “King Billy”. In what became known as the “Glorious Revolution”, on 5 November 1688 William invaded England in an action that ultimately deposed King James II & VII and won him the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland. In the British Isles, William ruled jointly with his wife, Mary II, until her death on 28 December 1694. The period of their joint reign is often referred to as “William and Mary”.查看答案

8．The Orange Day celebrations

【答案】(1) Celebrations held by Protestants on 12 August each year in Northern Ireland to commemorate the battle of the Royne in 1690 when the Protestant King William III (William of Orange) crushed a Catholic rebellion in Londonderry.查看答案

(2) The celebrations were always aggressively provocative and fightings often broke out between Protestant marchers and Catholic bystanders.

9．The Provisional IRA

【答案】(1) IRA, the Irish Republican Army, is a nationalist organization dedicated to the unification of Ireland.查看答案

(2) It was organized in 1919.

(3) In 1969 it split into an “official ”majority, which disclaimed violence, and a terrorist” provisional” wing, whose attacks on British troops in Northern Ireland, random bombings, and others acts of terror in England kept tensions high.

10．The Peace People

【答案】(1) In the summer of 1976 Betty Williams, a Protestant house-wife, was so horrified at the killing of two children by a running IRA car that she decided to organize the women of Ulster, both Protestant and Catholic, into a pressure group.查看答案

(2) It is a pressure group working for peace and reconciliation in Ireland. Williams and her catholic partner, Corrigan, soon gathered thousands of followers despite threats and intimidation from both sides.

(3) They continued to pursue their aims and at the end of 1976 the two leaders were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace.

11．William the Conqueror

【答案】In AD 1066 William of Normandy (William the conqueror) landed with a large armed force on the south coast and won a great victory over the Saxons. He and his French-speaking followers set up a strong central government which brought a new unified discipline and control to the country.查看答案

II. Fill in the blanks.

1．The full name of the United Kingdom is _____.

【答案】the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.查看答案

【解析】根据英美文化常识可知，英国的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

2．The Romans first landed in Britain in the year of _____.

【答案】55 BC查看答案

【解析】根据英美文化常识可知，罗马人最早进入英国是在公元前55年。

3．The Scots are well-known for being _____, _____, and _____.

【答案】inventive, hardworking, serious-minded and cautious with money.查看答案

【解析】根据英美文化常识可知，苏格兰人享有擅于创造，吃苦耐劳，严肃认真，慎重对待金钱的美名。

4．Two of the Welsh characteristics are _____ and _____.

【答案】love of music; poetry.查看答案

【解析】根据英美文化常识可知，威尔士人的两大特点是爱好音乐和诗歌。

5．People began to settle in Britain about _____ years ago.

【答案】10,000查看答案

【解析】根据英美文化常识可知，人们开始在英国居住是在约10000年前。

6．Name two famous Scottish writers: _____ and _____; two Welsh writers: _____ and _____; two Irish writers: _____ and _____.

【答案】Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott; Roald Dahl, Dylan Thomas; Fercert Ó hUiginn, Tomás Ó Cobhthaigh.查看答案

【解析】苏格兰著名作家有罗伯特·彭斯（Robert Burns）、沃尔特·斯科特爵士（Sir Walter Scott）；威尔士作家有罗尔德·达尔（Roald Dahl）、狄兰·托马斯（Dylan Thomas）；爱尔兰作家有Fercert Ó hUiginn和Tomás Ó Cobhthaigh。

7．_____, _____ and _____ were the three Germanic tribes that came to be the basis of modern English race.

【答案】Jutes, Saxons, Angles查看答案

【解析】根据英美文化常识可知，朱特人、撒克逊人、盎格鲁人是组成现代英国种族的三大日耳曼部落。

III. Tick the correct answer in each of the following.

1．It would be difficult to find anyone in modern Britain who could, say with certainty that his ancestors had not come to the British Isles from somewhere else. This sentence means that _____.

A. everyone in Britain had come from the British Isles

B. almost everyone had come to the British Isles from somewhere else

C. almost everyone had his or her family origin from the British Isles

D. almost everyone had his or her family origin from somewhere else

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：在现代英国，很难找到这样一个人：他能肯定地说他的祖先不是从英国岛屿之外的其他地方来的。换句话说，几乎每个英国人的家族都起源于其他地方。故选D。

2．The Highlanders in Scotland are known for being _____.

A. proud

B. tough

C. independent

D. generous

Which of the above is not true?

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】句意：苏格兰高地人以慷慨的形象著称。故选D。

3．Which of the following is not true in the Irish character? The Irish people are _____.

A. argumentative

B. reserved

C. introspective dreamers and poets

D. aggressive

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：下列哪一项不是爱尔兰人的性格特点？爱尔兰好辩，积极进取，是内省的梦想家和诗人，但爱尔兰人并不拘谨保守，故选B。

4．Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Englishman?

A. The Englishman is outspoken.

B. He is class-conscious.

C. He is suspicious of change.

D. He is racist.

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】句意：下列哪一项不是英国人的特点？根据文化常识可知，英国人以含蓄、孤傲著称，有阶级意识，对改变保持怀疑，有种族主义倾向。含蓄便不会坦率直言。故选A。

5．Who introduced Christianity into Britain?

A. The Celts.

B. The Romans.

C. The Viking Danes.

D. The French.

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】句意：是谁将基督教传入英国的？根据文化常识可知，“罗马占领”时代（公元43—407年）后期，基督教就由罗马兵团传入大不列颠岛，岛上罗马化的凯尔特人开始接受基督教。故选B。

IV. Answer the following questions

1．Who are the earliest inhabitants of Britain of whom the English people have written records, and where did these records come from?

【答案】The earliest written records of Britain’s inhabitants come from the Romans who eventually conquered the various Celtic kingdoms then flourishing in England, Wales and the Scottish Lowlands.查看答案

2．What are the national characteristics of the Scots supposed to be?

【答案】The Scots have a reputation for being inventive, hard-working, serious-minded and cautious with money.查看答案

3．What are considered to be the national characteristics of the Welsh, and how can you recognize Welsh people?

【答案】The Welsh are very conscious of their separate Celtic heritage. The cultural pride in Wales is very strong. The Welsh are also famous for their love of music and poetry. They also have a great feeling for the music of words. The Welsh can be recognized by their distinctive national dress and their particular style of speech and accent.查看答案

4．What is a traditionally typical Englishman thought to be like? Why is it not easy to talk about a typical Englishman?

【答案】A traditionally typical Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous; shy of strangers; suspicious of change and slow to accept new ideas; solid and dependable with a high sense of honesty, duty and justice; physically and morally courageous; conscious of his place in the social order; disliking any show of emotion and lack of control; and fervently believing that the British are superior to any other race on earth. It is not easy to talk about a typical Englishman because the English are as individual as the inhabitants of any other nation. More important, they are descended from so many different Peoples who came and settled in England at some time or other.查看答案

5．Give three or four examples to show that the Romans had great influence on the English culture.

【答案】(1) The Romans invaded England in 55 BC, and brought with them their laws, taxes, engineering skills, architecture and social system as well as their language, Latin, and their system of writing and numbering.查看答案

(2) They introduced Christianity.

(3) They also left behind the first written description of the land and its peoples as well as records of their administration.

6．What, according to the author, are the causes of the present situation in Northern Ireland (Ulster)? Do you agree with the author?

【答案】On the Catholic side, the violence was caused by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) with its terrorist wing, the Provisional IRA. On the Protestant side, the violence was caused by the Ulster Unionists, or Loyalists.查看答案

7．Give the main points of view held by the important groups in Ulster.

【答案】Between 1840 and 1900, some Irish nationalists, such as Charles Stewart Parnell, demanded some kind of autonomy and Irish members of the Westminster Parliament. They called persistently, for the control of internal affairs by an assembly in Dublin. This is what they called “home rule”. The home rule question led to even more disturbance and riots as the Ulster Protestants feared that an autonomous Ireland would be dominated by Catholics.查看答案

第2章　英国历史

2.1　复习笔记

I. English History

1．The Middle Ages

2．The Sixteenth Century

3．The Seventeenth Century

4．The Eighteenth Century

5．The Nineteenth Century

6．The Twentieth Century

I. English History (英国历史)

1．The Middle Ages (中世纪)

(1) The Norman Conquest and its consequences (诺曼征服及其影响)

It was said that King Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, William defeated Harold in the battle of Hastings. On Christmas Day William was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey.

据说爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯战役中威廉打败了哈罗德军队。圣诞节这天在威斯敏斯特大教堂，威廉被加冕为英格兰国王。

(2) King Alfred and his contributions (亚尔弗雷德国王和他所做出的贡献)

Alfred was the king of Wessex and defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879.

亚尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他打败了丹麦人，并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议。

(3) The Great Charter (大宪章)

Also known as the Magna Carta, Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. Although the Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.

《大宪章》是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签订的。尽管长期普遍认为《大宪章》是英国自由的基础，但它只是国王与贵族之间的封建与法律关系，保证教会的自由，限制国王的权力。《大宪章》的精神是限制王权，置王权于封建法律的约束下。

(4) The Hundred Years’ War with France (与法国的百年战争)

The Hundred Years’ War with France refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453.The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine, while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England’s desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.

百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争。战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素。领土起因尤其是与英国国王拥有法国阿奎丹大片的公爵领地有密切关系，随着法国国王势力日增，他们日益渴望占领这片从他们领土内被分割出去的土地。经济原因则与弗兰德斯有关。弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口地，但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王。其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国帮助苏格兰人，以及不断觉醒的民族意识。

(5) The Wars of the Roses (玫瑰战争)

It was referred to these battles between the great House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485.Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinary people were little affected. Feudalism received its death blow. No less than 80 nobles of royal blood were killed in the wars. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power became supreme.

它是指从1455年到1485年，以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族之间战争。虽然玫瑰战争断断续续进行了30年，但普通民众所受影响甚微。封建制度却遭受了致命打击，不少于80位皇室血统的贵族阵亡。中世纪的贵族势力被大大削弱，名誉扫地。至此，国王的权利变得至高无上。

2．The Sixteenth Century (十六世纪)

(1) Henry VIII and the English Reformation (亨利八世和英国宗教改革)

①Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the Church.

②There were 3 main causes:

a. a desire for change and reform in the Church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come.

b. The privilege and wealth of the clergy were also resented.

c. Henry needs money.

The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy.

①亨利八世是宗教改革的最重要的责任者。

②宗教改革有三个原因

a. 期望教会改革已有多年，现在又受马丁·路德成功的鼓舞，许多人认为时机已到。

b. 人们痛恨教职人员的特权和财富

c. 亨利需要钱。

改革以争取离婚而开始，以脱离教皇而告终。

(2) Elizabeth’s religious reform and her foreign policy (伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策)

①Elizabeth’s religious reform (伊莉莎白的宗教改革)

Elizabeth’s religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary’s ties with Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England, i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. Her religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.

伊丽莎白的宗教改革是各种观点的妥协。她中断了玛丽女王与罗马建立的关系，恢复了她父亲建立的独立的英格兰教会也就是说她保持天主教的教条及做法，但不受教皇控制。她的宗教不被极端的清教徒所接受，也不为虔诚的天主教徒所接受。

②Her foreign policy (她的外交政策)

For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. So England wad able to face the danger from Spain. In 1588, the English navy defeated the Spanish Armada. The destruction of the Spanish Armada showed England’ superiority as a naval power.

近30年的时间，伊莉莎白成功地令两大天主教强国法国和西班牙互相斗杀，从而免于英国卷入任何主要的欧洲国的冲突。通过她从未具体化的联姻，伊莉莎白设法与法国维持友好关系，因此英国能面对来自西班牙的危险。1588年，英国海军击败了西班牙舰队。西班牙无敌舰队的灭亡表明了英国作为海上强国的优势。

3．The Seventeenth Century (十七世纪)

(1) The Civil Wars and their consequences

Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the Parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22, 1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.

(2) The Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell

From 1649 to 1658 England was called a Commonwealth. It was ruled first by Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector (in 1653, he became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England).

（1）内战及其影响

由于查尔斯的“君权神授”统治权，他与议会的对峙发展成了内战战争开始于1642年8月22日，结束于1651年。最后查尔斯被处死。

（2）奥利弗·克伦威尔共和国

从1649年到1658年，英国被称为共和国。由奥利弗·克伦威尔护国主统治（1653年他成为英格兰共和国的护国主）。

4．The Eighteenth Century (十八世纪)

(1) The most famous was the Battle of Waterloo, won by the Duke of Wellington over the great Napoleon, a victory so important and so complete that today, when we say that a man will ‘meet his Waterloo’, we mean he will encounter final disaster.

(2) Equally famous is the great naval victory over Napoleon’s fleet won by Lord Nelson—the Battle of Trafalgar.

(3) The English Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

(1) 最为著名的是滑铁卢战役，惠灵顿公爵战胜了伟大的拿破仑，胜利是如此的重要和完整以至于今天当我们说一个人会遇到“他的滑铁卢”，意味着他会遇到最后的灾难。

(2) 同样著名的是纳尔逊领导的伟大的海军战胜拿破仑的舰队的战争。

(3) 英国工业革命：工业革命指的是18世纪末，19世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化

5．The Nineteenth Century (十九世纪)

After the Battle of Waterloo and the fall of Napoleon, Britain enjoyed a long period of peace.

滑铁卢战役后，拿破仑垮台了，英国人赢得了长期的和平。

6．The Twentieth Century (二十世纪)

(1) Labor Party grew rapidly in strength. The doctrine of socialism became widespread. Serious strikes occurred. The class war was on.

(2) The women woke up too.

(3) The trouble in Ireland was going from bad to worse.

(4) Britain and the First World War

The World War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European Power blocs: “the Central power”. Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the “Allies”, Britain, France and Russia.

(5) Britain and the Second World War

As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their aggressive momentum in Europe, Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, found his policy of appeasement of German aggression was no longer tenable, and was forced to declare war on Germany on September 3, 1939.

(1) 劳动党的势力快速壮大。社会主义学说蔓延开来，出现了严重的罢工，阶级战争开始了。

(2) 妇女开始觉醒。

(3) 爱尔兰的情况每况愈下。

(4) 英国和第一次世界大战

第一次世界大战是从1914年至1918年，战争主要在两大欧洲集团间进行：“同盟国”，包括德国和奥匈帝国；“协约国”包括英国，法国和俄罗斯。

(5) 英国与第二次世界大战

当阿道夫希特勒及纳粹主义显示他们对欧洲的侵略意图时，首相张伯伦发现他的绥靖政策已站不住脚，只得于1939年9月3日对德宣战。

2.2　课后习题详解

I. Explain each of the following in English.

1．King Harold

【答案】The Saxon king who was defeated and killed at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, when the French-speaking Normans under William the Conqueror invaded England from France.查看答案

2．Alfred the Great

【答案】He was a fine Saxon king who successfully defeated the invading Danes.查看答案

3．King Arthur

【答案】(1)He was the king of England in the sixth century. (2)Little was known about him, except that he was associated with Corn-wall and is the central figure of many legends about him and his Knights of the Round Table.查看答案

4．The Magna Carta

【答案】(1) The Magna Carta (or Great Charter) was a document signed in 1215 by King John under compulsion by the powerful barons.查看答案

(2) The purpose of the Charter was to make King John to recognize the rights of the barons.

(3) The Magna Carta is now in the British Museum, London.

5．The Wars of the Roses

【答案】(1) It is the name given to the struggle (1455—1485) for the throne of England between two branches of the English royal family.查看答案

(2) The houses of Lancaster whose badge was a red rose, and York whose badge was a white rose.

(3) The wars weakened both the nobility and the monarch.

6．Henry VIII

【答案】Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor. Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry’s struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.查看答案

7．Elizabeth I

【答案】Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. She gave her name to an age, the Elizabeth age, which remains in English minds as an age of glory. Most people associate it with two things. One is the literature, for this was the age when English literature blossomed. The other is adventure on the sea. For the first time English ships began to explore the world and trade with distant countries.查看答案

8．Divine Right

【答案】The doctrine that a monarch derives his or her power directly from God查看答案

9．Charles Darwin

【答案】(1) The famous Britain scientist who wrote the important book “The Origin of Species”.查看答案

(2) His theory of evolution caused reaction of the Victorians against the book, and furious debates were held in private and in public.

(3) Darwin’s theory contributed to the decay of Victorianism.

10．Victorianism

【答案】Victorianism is the name given to the attitudes, art, and culture of the later two-thirds of the 19th century. This usage is strong within social history and the study of literature, less so in philosophy. Many disciplines do not use the term, but instead prefer Victorian Era, or simply “Late 19th century”. Victorianism as a word is often specifically directed at Victorian morality.查看答案

II. Fill in the blanks.

1．_____ were a series of wars in which armies from all over Europe tried to seize Palestine from the Muslims.

【答案】The Crusades查看答案

【解析】根据英美文化常识可知：欧洲各地的军队试图从穆斯林手中夺取巴勒斯坦的一系列战争被称作十字军东征。

2．_____ and _____ were the two famous sailors who started the age of discovery.

【答案】Columbus; Vasco da Gama查看答案

【解析】根据英美文化常识可知：开启地理大发现时代的两位著名的航海家是哥伦布和达·伽马。

3．By the end of _____ England became separated from France and the English language finally took the place of French in all classes in English society.

【答案】15th century查看答案

【解析】根据英美文化常识可知：在15世纪末，英国从法国脱离出来，英语最终取代了法语在英国社会各阶层的位置。

4．In the English Civil War, the ‘Roundheads’ supported _____, while the ‘Caveliers’ supported _____.

【答案】Parliament, bourgeoisie; king and feudal aristocracy.查看答案

【解析】根据英美文化常识可知：在英国内战中，“圆颅党”支持议会及资产阶级，而“查理一世的支持者”支持国王及贵族。

5．The Origin of Species was written by _____.

【答案】Charles Darwin查看答案

【解析】根据英美文化常识可知：《物种起源》由查尔斯·达尔文所写。

6．In the early 1930s, _____ brought poverty and humiliation to millions of people in America and Europe.

【答案】Economic Depression查看答案

【解析】根据英美文化常识可知：在20世纪30年代初，经济大萧条使得美国和欧洲数以百万计的人民陷入贫困和屈辱中。

7．After World War I, an international body called _____ was formed and after World War II, another international organization _____ was founded.

【答案】the League of Nations; the United Nations查看答案

【解析】根据英美文化常识可知：国际联盟于一战后形成；联合国于二战后建立。

III. Tick the correct answer from each of the following.

1．One of the following did not take place during the middle ages: _____.

A. The making of the Magna Carta

B. The defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English navy

C. The rule of Alfred the Great

D. The defeat of King Harold by France

【答案】B查看答案

【解析】中世纪指的是公元476至1500年。选项A《大宪章》签署于1215年；B选项西班牙无敌舰队被英国海军击败是在1588年；C选项阿尔弗雷德大帝在位时间为871年至879年；D选项哈罗德二世于1066年黑斯廷斯战役中阵亡。因此选项B不正确。

2．In England, the Protestant Reformation began with _____.

A. Bloody Mary

B. Queen Elizabeth

C. King Henry VII

D. King Henry VIII

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】英国的新教改革是由亨利八世时期开始的。

3．Three of the following were characteristics of the Elizabethan age. Which of the four is the exception?

A. Queen Elizabeth advocated the Divine Right and quarreled with Parliament.

B. Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith.

C. This was the age of literature when Shakespeare lived and when English literature blossomed.

D. This was the age of adventure on the sea.

【答案】A查看答案

【解析】伊丽莎白时代，新教成为国教。伊丽莎白时代也是莎士比亚生活的时代，是英国文学繁盛时代。1588年英国海军击败西班牙无敌舰队，逐渐确立海上霸主地位，因此选项B、C、D正确。A选项并非伊丽莎白所为。

4．The Industrial Revolution owed a great deal to _____.

A. the invention of printing

B. George Stephenson’s famous locomotive, the ‘Rocket’

C. the invention of the steam engine

D. the springing-up of towns

【答案】C查看答案

【解析】蒸汽机的发明开启了第一次工业革命。

5．Victorianism was characterized by the following except _____.

A. It was in an age of imperialism

B. It saw the great progress in social sciences with Charles Darwin as prominent figure

C. It was the age when the great progress was made in the field of communications

D. It was an age when the Battle of Waterloo was won by the Duke of Wellington

【答案】D查看答案

【解析】D选项滑铁卢战役发生于1815年6月18日，而维多利亚时代时间为1837-1901年，因此不正确。

IV. Answer the questions.

1．What were the main features of the middle ages?

【答案】All the kings of this period spoke French as their mother tongue, and had close family connections and in some cases extensive territories in France itself. Disputes between England and France were common.查看答案

2．Why did the Pope in Rome in the Middle Ages have so much power? Take two or three examples from the text to illustrate your point?

【答案】He could always inspire the fear of eternal damnation by “excommunicating” (i.e. expelling from the Church) a king or even a whole nation, wielded great political power over the whole of Western Europe.查看答案

3．Why was the sixteenth century so important to English history and European history?

【答案】(1) In the sixteenth century, the invention of printing made books much easier to produce and therefore much cheaper, so that ideas could spread quickly.查看答案

(2) It was the age of the great voyages of discovery and the beginning of the imperialist expansion.

(3) It was also the beginning of freedom of thought in the Christian religion.

4．Discuss the importance of the Elizabethan age in English history.

【答案】Factories multiplied; so too did coal-mines, since steam engines needed coal as a fuel. Big towns were springing up. The nation was able to produce more. Some people grew rich.查看答案

5．What, in the author’s opinion, were the causes of the English Revolution? Do you agree with the author?

【答案】Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:查看答案

①Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade.

②Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industrialization.

③The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.

④It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.

⑤Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources.

⑥British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.

⑦The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.

6．What changes took place during the Industrial Revolution? What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on English society?

【答案】The Industrial Revolution took place first in Britain in the eighteenth century. The Industrial Revolution owed a great deal to the invention of the steam engine. Factories came into being because they brought about more benefits to the owners. The revolution brought many economic advantages to Britain and made Britain an exceedingly rich and powerful nation, but it also caused some social problems. The successes and achievements of industrialization were founded on the exploitation of working people.查看答案

7．Explain the atmosphere of Victorianism.

【答案】Victorianism was an age of national development and national optimism. Tremendous social reform took place. The greatest progress of all was made in the field of communications. Victorian family life had the quality of stability and the Victorians were extremely religious. It was also an age of imperialism.查看答案

第3章　哪一个英语

3.1　复习笔记

I. Which English?

1．The Evolution of Old English

2．Middle English

3．Modern English: the Language of Shakespeare

4．Souvenirs from Abroad

5．Standard English and Social Class

6．English Today

I. Which English? (哪个英语？)

The history of English really began around AD 450 when the Angles, Saxons and Jutes—tribes from north-west Germany and Denmark—invaded England in succession. The various tribes had their own Germanic dialects but, after they had taken control of the country and settled, four main dialects emerged. Mercian; Northumbrian; Kentish; and West Saxon. These were the dialects of Old English.

英语的历史真正开始于公元450年，那时来自于德国西北部和丹麦的盎格鲁-撒克逊人和朱特人部落不断地入侵英国。各部落都有自己的日耳曼方言，但当他们控制全国并在那定居后，出现了四个主要的方言。麦西亚语；诺森伯兰语、肯特郡语和西撒克逊语。这些都是古老的英语方言。

1．The Evolution of Old English (古英语的演变)

(1) Prehistoric Old English (c. 450 to 650)

For this period, Old English is mostly a reconstructed language as no literary witnesses survive. This language, or bloc of languages, spoken by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, and pre-dating documented Old English or Anglo-Saxon, has also been called Primitive Old English.

(2) Early Old English (c. 650 to 900)

The period of the oldest manuscript traditions, with authors such as Cædmon, Bede, Cynewulf and Aldhelm.

(3) Late Old English (c. 900 to 1066)

The final stage of the language leading up to the Norman conquest of England and the subsequent transition to Early Middle English.

(1) 史前古英语（公元450～650）

这一时期，古英语主要是重建语言,因为没有当时的文学作品留存下来。这种撒克逊人和朱特人所说的语言，或集团的语言也被称为原始古英语。

(2) 早期古英语（公元650～900）

最古老的手稿时期，那时的作者有，如Cædmon，比德，Cynewulf和奥尔德赫姆。

(3) 晚古英语（公元900～1066）

语言的最后阶段处于英格兰诺尔曼征服时期，随后过渡到了早期中古英语。

2．Middle English（中世纪英语）

(1) Early Middle English

The second half of the 11th century was the transitional period from Late Old English to Early Middle English. Early Middle English was the language of the 12th and 13th centuries. Middle English was fully developed as a literary language by the second half of the 14th century.

(2) Late Middle English

Late Middle English and the transition to Early Modern English took place from the early 15th century and is taken to have been complete by the beginning of the Tudor period in 1485.

(1) 早期中世纪英语

从晚古英语到早期中古英语的过度是在十一世纪的后半段。早期中世纪英语是十二和十三世纪的语言。十四世纪下半叶中世纪英语全面发展为文学语言。

(2) 中世纪晚期英国

中世纪晚期英语以及向现代英语的过渡发生在十五世纪初，于1485年都铎王朝的开始而结束。

3．Modern English :the Language of Shakespeare (现代英语：莎士比亚的语言)

(1) Early Modern English

The change from Middle English to Early Modern English was not just a matter of vocabulary or pronunciation changing; it was the beginning of a new era in the history of English. An era of linguistic change in a language with large variations in dialect was replaced by a new era of a more standardized language with a richer lexicon and an established (and lasting) literature.

(2) Renaissance English

With some differences in vocabulary, texts from the early 17th century, such as the works of William Shakespeare and the King James Bible, are considered to be in Modern English, or more specifically, are referred to as using Early Modern English or Elizabethan English.

(1) 早期现代英语

中期英语向早期现代英语的变化不仅仅是词汇和发音的改变；而是英国历史上一个新时代的开始。方言变化的语言时代被具有更丰富的词汇和文学的建立的更规范的语言时代所取代。

(2) 英国文艺复兴时期

词汇上有些许的差异，十七世纪早期的文本，如威廉莎士比亚和国王杰姆斯的作品，被认为是现代英语，或更确切地说，被认为是用早期现代英语和伊丽莎白时代的英语写成的。

4．Souvenirs from Abroad (国外的纪念品)

After Latin, Scandinavian, French and Greek, the English vocabulary owes most to Italian.

继拉丁语之后，斯堪的纳维亚语，法语和希腊语，是对英语词汇做出最大贡献的。

5．Standard English and Social Class (标准英语和社会阶层)

(1) Standard English

Most people consider that the pronunciation and delivery of BBC announcers is the clearest and most understandable spoken English and the most appropriate style of speech for a foreigner learning English to copy.

(2) Social Class

English, perhaps more than any other language, has had a strong association with class and social status. All classes at various times used modes of speech, intonation and vowel sounds which were, to any listener, an immediate indication of the speaker’s social position.

(1) 标准英语

大多数人认为英国广播公司播音员的发音是最清楚和最容易理解的英语口语,最适合外国人学习英语。

(2) 社会阶层

英语，也许比任何其他语言，与阶级和社会地位有更强的关系。在不同的时期所有的阶级使用不同的语音模式，声调和元音，任何听众都能从他们的说话中判断出他们的社会地位。

6．English Today (今天的英语)

(1) It is a language widely spoken on six continents.

(2) It is spoken as the primary language in the British Isles, North America, and Australia.

(3) Used as a secondary language in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia.

(1) 是一种六个大陆上很多国家都说的语言。

(2) 是英伦三岛，北美，澳大利亚的基本语言。

(3) 在非洲、印度次大陆和亚洲的西南部是作为第二语言来用。

3.2　课后习题详解

I. Explain each of the following in English

1．Old English

【答案】(1) Also called Anglo-Saxon, it is the first period of the English language from the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in AD 450 to the Norman Conquest in 1066.查看答案

(2) Old English used both Latin and Germanic scripts.

(3) Old English is the ancestor of Modern English. It is quite different from today’s English.

2．Middle English

【答案】(1) Middle English is the name given to the English language in use from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the introduction of the printing press in England in 1476.查看答案

(2) Middle English is the blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French.

(3) The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.

3．Geoffrey Chaucer

【答案】(1) Geoffrey Chaucer (1345—1400) was the most important Middle English poet. (2)His masterpiece was The Canterbury Tales.查看答案

4．Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation

【答案】It is the motto of BBC which was established in 1927, the meaning of the motto is: Our corporation shall use a language that everybody is familiar with to spread peaceful voices to all the Nations of the World.查看答案

5．Modern English

【答案】(1) Modern English is the English language since 1476.查看答案

(2) With the introduction of the printing press in 1476, spellings and written forms of the English language began to become standardized.

(3) The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.

6．Standard English

【答案】(1) The form of English written and spoken by educated speakers of the language.查看答案

(2) The style of speech of BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English.

(3) Standard English is also the most appropriate variety of English for a foreigner leaning English to copy.