刘炳善《英国文学简史考研真题答案重点网课

刘炳善《英国文学简史》（第3版）笔记和考研真题详解

I.Background Knowledge-The Making of England（背景知识-英国的形成）

D The Roman Conquest（55B.C.-410A.D.）罗马征服（公元前55年一公元410年）

A.Brief Introduction（介）

Before the Roman Conquest，the Celtic natives，Britons，occupied the England island，who gave name to today's Britain.

In 55 B.C.，the Roman conqueror，Julius Caesar，attacked Britain.But not until 78 A.D.did Britain entirely subject to the Roman Empire.The decline of the Roman Empire at the start of the Sth century led to the brief independence of Britons.In 410 A.D.，the whole Roman troops retreated to the continent forever.

罗马征服之前，在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人（Britons），不列颠人是凯

尔特（Celt）部落的一支。

公元前55年，该岛被罗马的朱利尤斯凯撒（Julius Caesar）侵略。直到公元78年，不列颠才完全臣服于罗马帝国，但是在5世纪初，罗马帝国开始没落。公元410年，所有的罗马军队，撒离该岛。

B.Influence（影响）

① The Roman mode of life was brought into Britain while the native Britons were treated as slaves.

② The Romans brought Christianity to the island and this religion was spread widely.（This is a profound religious effect up to today）.

3 Roman road was built for military purposes.

④ Along the Roman roads，many towns grew up.London has been an important trading center since then.

①罗马人的生活方式被带到了英国，而当地的不列颠人却沦为奴隶。

②罗马人带来了基督教，基督教得以广泛传播。

③出于军事目的，罗马人修建罗马大路。

2The English Conquest（格-撒克征服）

A.Brief Introduction（介）

Three pirate tribes from Northern Europe：the Angles，Saxons and Jutes，invaded Britain as the Roman Empire was retreating.The conquest turned their tribal society into a feudal one.

By the 7th century，small states united into one kingdom called England，or，the land of Angles.

当罗马人撤离不列颠的同时，大群海盗入侵岛内。他们是来自北欧的三支部落：盘格鲁、撒克逊和朱特。征服之前，他们仍旧过着部落生活。

到7世纪，一个统一的王国一英国成立了，也被称作盘格鲁人之国。

B.Influence（影响）

① The English people formed as the result of the mixture of the three tribes，which also fashioned a single language called Anglo-Saxon，or Old English.

② The Britons experienced a transition from tribal society to feudalism because of the English Conquest.

③ The Northern European mythology prevailed among the pagan Anglo-Saxons.However，the 7th century witnessed that Anglo-Saxons turned to Christianity.

①这三支部落发展成一个统一的民族称为英国人。三种方言逐渐成为一种单一的语言，称

为盎格鲁-撒克逊语言，即古英语。

②不列颠人经历了从原始部落社会向封建社会过渡的时期。

③盎格鲁-撒克逊人是无神论民族，相信古老的北欧神话，但后来在7世纪被基督教化了。

I.Literary Features of Early English Literature（早期英国文学的特征）

The settlement of Anglo-Saxons in England marked the beginning of English literature.The early English literature mainly consisted of the Anglo-Saxon poetry，which eulogized ancient heroic deeds.These poems were usually sung by the minstrels in the banquet.The Old English regularly used alliterations and rhymes.At the same time，metaphors and understatements were also put into the poetry.Beowulf is the most widely spread early poem.

I.Literary Terms（文术语）

Anglo-Saxon poetry（&格-撒克诗歌）

Poems or，songs by the Anglo-Saxon minstrels who sang of the ancient heroic deeds to the chiefs and warriors in the banquet.The typical work of Anglo-Saxon is Beowulf.

是由盎格鲁-撒克逊游吟诗人吟唱的古代英雄事迹的诗歌或者歌曲。这些诗歌或者歌曲主要

是在宴会厅唱给首领或者勇士们。代表诗作是《贝奥武甫》

2 Alliteration（）

It means the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.Usually，4 accents are in a line.

Three of them produced alliteration.There is an obvious use of alliteration in Beowulf.

就是诗歌里开头辅音字母的重复。一行诗歌里一般有4个音节，三个音节能够显示出头韵的

效果。在《贝奥武甫》里对头韵有明显的运用。

IV.Major Writers and Works（英国早期主要作家及作品）

+Beowulf《贝奥武甫》

English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement.Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon poetry and their national epic.

英国文学始于盘格鲁-撒克逊人的定居。《贝奥武甫》是一首盎格鲁-撒克逊诗歌，同时也是

一首英国人民的国家史诗。

1 The Story of Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》主要情节）

Beowulf tells a story of Beowulf fighting against monsters Grendel and his mother，winning the battle and protecting his people.In the end，Beowulf kills a fire dragon and protected his people again in sacrifice of his life.

该书讲述了贝奥武甫这位英勇的英雄与怪物格兰戴和他母亲斗争取得胜利并保护了他的人

民的故事。

Analysis of Its Content（《贝奥武甫》内容评析）

Anglo-Saxons brought the folk legend Beowulf from their Northern European homeland to their colony England.It is mainly based on folk legends of primitive Northern tribes.

Beowulf is a brave hero whose spirit and deeds reflect the life of tribal society on the continent.

Beowulf has its historical significance in demonstrating ancient tribes'hallmarks.

《贝奥武甫》是一部民间传说，由盘格鲁-撒克逊人从他们本土带到英格兰。它的主要故事情

节来源于原始北欧部落的民间传说。

贝奥武甫是一个英雄，他的精神和行为都反映了当时的部落生活。它的历史意义在于反映

了古代部落社会的特征。

3 Artistic Features of Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》的文学特征）

a.Alliteration is the most outstanding feature.

b.Metaphors and of understatements are among its artistic features.

a.多用头韵。

b.多用暗喻和轻描淡写手法。

Medieval English Literature I.Background Knowledge（背知识）

The Danish Invasion（麦人入侵）

Since around 787，the Danish Vikings began to raid England.King Alfred the Great（849-901）

repelled the Danes.He developed education and literature.From 1013，England was in the charge of the Danes.

自约787年始，英国开始为成群的丹麦海盗所困。阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred the Great）成功击退了丹麦人。他促进了教育事业和文学的发展。1013年，丹麦人占领了英国并盘踞30年。

2 The Norman Conquest（诺征服）

A.Brief Introduction（简介）

In 1066，Duke William led the French-speaking Normans to defeat the English at Hastings andbecame the king of England.The Norman Conquest established feudalism in England，marked by its class division：landlords and farmers.

在1066年，说法语的诺曼底人在威廉公爵（Duke William）的带领下入侵，并在黑斯廷斯打败了英国人。诺曼征服标志着封建制度在英国的建立。封建国家的主要特征是明显的等级

划分，主要是地主和农民两个阶级。

B.Influence（影响）

a.The establishment of feudalism in England.

b.The Old English was influenced by French words.

a.在英国建立了封建制度。

b.古英语受法语单词影响。

2 Ballad（歌）

（1）Ballads are oral literature of the English people and mainly enjoyed by English peasants.

（2）A ballad tells a story in the form of a song.It is composed of 4-line stanzas with the second line rhyming with the fourth line.

（3）Ballads touch a wide range of subjects which reflect innocent wishes and social customs.

（4）"Robin Hood"is the most important ballad of that time and has a remarkable influence on the following generations.

（1）歌谣是英国人民大众的口头文学。

（2）歌谣是以歌的形式讲述的故事，通常由4行组成一节，其中第二和第四行押韵。

（3）歌谣内容多样，反映了纯真的愿望和社会风俗（有关于年轻爱侣反对封建家长的，有

爱情和财富冲突的，有关于嫉妒残忍行动的，有批判国内战乱的）。

（4）其中，罗宾汉歌谣是最重要的。

IV.Major Writers and Works（中世纪主要作品作家）

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle《蛊格鲁-撒克逊编年史》

King Alfred the Great encouraged and oversaw its writing.It is a milestone of Old English prose.

它是在罗阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred the Great）的鼓励和监督下写成，是古英语散文史上的丰碑。

The"Robin Hood"Ballads（罗宾汉歌）

The Geste of Robin Hood is a collection of ballads of Robin Hood.Robin Hood，a partly historical and partly legendary character，is depicted in the ballads as a brave outlaw，well-known in shooting arrows.Tobin Hood and his fellows treats the greenwood as their home.Their activity is usually robbing the rich to help the poor and fighting against the upper class such as bishops.But he respects the King.His dominant character is his aversion to the cruel oppressors and his love for the oppressed poor.